A Review on the Fabrication and Characterization of Titania Nanotubes Obtained via Electrochemical Anodization

Recently, titania nanotubes (TNTs) have been extensively studied because both their functional properties and highly controllable morphology make them important building blocks for understanding nanoscale phenomena realizing devices. Compared with sol–gel template-assisted methods, electrochemical anodization is a simple, cost-effective, low-temperature technique offering additional advantages such as straightforward processing ease of scale-up. This review focuses on the process modalities underlying mechanism to achieve different set TNTs variety applications. Finally, applications are highlighted including biomedical devices, water purification, solar cells.